A colony of A. maculatum was developed from wild-caught adults and maintained as previously described (Troughton and Levin 2007 (link)). Briefly, nymphal and adult ticks were fed on adult Sprague-Dawley rats (Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Louisiana State University) within capsules fashioned from 50-ml plastic conical tubes and attached with a 3:1 rosin to beeswax mixture. Engorged females were kept in vials at 27°C and ≈90% RH. Larvae were fed on adult BALB/c mice (Louisiana State University Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine) housed on wire grates over fresh water, and engorged larvae were collected twice daily as the water was changed. For this experiment, 120 nymphs, which originated from the same egg clutch were used. This colony of ticks is constitutively infected with rickettsiae, and sequence analysis using standard PCR for rompA (Rickettsia outer membrane protein A) identified this organism as the nonpathogenic Candidatus “Rickettsia andeanae” (Paddock et al. 2010 (link)).