Analyses of human milk samples were conducted by the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Centre Metabolic Research Program Laboratory. Milk fat was separated from the aqueous portion by centrifugation in preparation to assay samples of skimmed milk. Glucose was measured using the glucose oxidase method (2300 STAT Plus, Yellow Springs Instruments, Yellow Springs, OH). Insulin, leptin, adiponectin, CRP, and IL-6 were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits according to the manufacturer’s protocol, as previously reported (Fields and Demerath 2012 (link); Whitaker et al. 2017 (link); Sadr Dadres et al. 2019 (link)). Interassay variability was 5.6% for glucose, 6.2% for insulin, 5.1% for leptin, 5.9% for adiponectin, 5.5% for CRP, and 12.8% for IL-6. Intra-assay variability was 10.2% for glucose, 5.1% for insulin, 5.6% for leptin, 2.0% for adiponectin, 4.7% for CRP, and 9.1% for IL-6. Breast milk analyte concentrations of glucose (mg/dl), insulin (pg/ml), leptin (pg/ml), adiponectin (ng/ml), CRP (ng/ml), and IL-6 (pg/ml) were recorded at 1- and 3-month lactation. Adiponectin measurements in the 3-month samples were limited to a subset of 125 participants due to cost constraints.