Flow cytometry was performed as previously described [23 (link)–25 (link)]. Briefly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from immunized volunteers at 0 and 7 days post-vaccination. Day 7 post-vaccination is when the peripheral blood B cell response peaks allowing analysis [23 (link),28 (link)]. Enriched lymphocytes were blocked with PPS22F and CWPS to prevent non-specific labeling with fluorescent PPS. Cells were then labeled with 10 μg/ml of either PPS14-CB or PPS23F-5-DTAF. Fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (BD Bioscience or eBioscience) to the following anti-human Ags were used: CD19 (APC-Cy7), CD27 (PerCP-Cy5.5), IgM (APC). Cells were analyzed as previously described with FACSAria using FACSDiva software (BD Biosciences) [23 (link),24 (link)]. FCS files were analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR). Populations were divided into three sub-populations: naïve (CD27), IgM+ memory (CD27+IgM+), and switched memory (CD27+IgM) B cells. Absolute numbers of B cells were calculated for each donor individually by multiplying the lymphocyte counts by the percentage of B cells determined by flow cytometry.