A549 [American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA, USA], A549-ΔMAVS cells (48 (link)), and the human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 A cells (ATCC) were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), supplemented with heat-inactivated 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2 mM L-glutamine (all purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 37°C in 5% CO₂ atmosphere.
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