Explant culture of human labrum tissues was adapted from a method developed previously for osteochondral joint tissues [19 (link)]. Clinical specimens were processed within 2 h post-surgery and dissected with a scalpel into equal-sized samples (200–400 mg wet weight). Dissected tissues were cultured in 8 mL αMEM (10% FBS, 10 mM HEPES, 4 mM l -glutamine) for 1 week at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Specimens were treated with 1 μg/mL LPS (Escherichia coli O111:B4, L2630 Sigma–Aldrich) in the presence of a TGF-beta receptor type I inhibitor (10 μM SB-505124) or DMSO vehicle (0.00075% v/v) at day 1 and 4. Conditioned medium was collected at day 7 and stored at −80 °C until further analysis. Labrum tissues were fixed in formalin for 48 h at 4 °C.
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