Cardiometabolic Risk Assessment Protocol

The data collection and quality control methods have been described (20 (link)). Waist circumference measurements were collected from participants using a Seca 200-cm tape measure. Body weight was measured by using a calibration scale. The standing height was measured with a tape measure. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated in kg/m². An Omron 705IT automatic digital blood pressure monitor was used to measure the sitting blood pressure two times at 1-min interval and then the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure readings were averaged. Serum fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides were measured using the Beckman Coulter AU5800 analyzer (21 (link)). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was measured using a direct Beckman assay. Participant race/ethnicity was assessed using self-reported information. Years of education were calculated based on the standardized International Standard Classification of Education of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (22 (link)). The Townsend deprivation index, an area-based proxy measure for socioeconomic status, was also derived for each participant (23 (link)). Smoking, alcohol intake status, multivitamin use, mineral supplement, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use status were all self-reported.