Before the initial testing, each patient was given a screening form for a primary health evaluation that also contained demographic details such as age, gender, education level, occupation, and body mass index. The patients were asked to fill out QBPDS-H, the Hindi version of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (H-RMDQ), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at the first visit. All participants received an individually tailored similar multimodal physical therapy rehabilitation program of electrotherapy (Interferential current), thermotherapy (moist heat), and muscular motor training exercises targeting trunk core muscles stabilization and strength, along with stretching, for one hour. However, the treatment given and the gap between the assessments helped only as a construct for achieving a change [24 (link),25 (link)]. It was neither a part of this study’s interests, nor was it considered. The follow-up evaluation was performed after eight weeks of the rehabilitation program, including QBPDS-H, H-RMDQ, VAS, and the H-PGIC scale. Based on their rating on the Hindi version of the Patient’s Global Impression of Change scale (H-PGIC), the patients were dichotomized into two subgroups, and ratings of 1–4 were categorized as “clinically unimproved”, while ratings of 5–7 were categorized as “clinically improved” [26 (link)]. The changes in QBPDS-H scores (∆QBPDS-H) were calculated for each subgroup as the differences in scores between the baseline and at the end of the eighth week. A positive score indicated functional ability improvement. The percentage change in scores was calculated by dividing the change by the original value and multiplying it by a hundred ((∆QBPDS-H/QBPDS-H baseline) × 100). Overall changes experienced in their CLBP status were also acquired using the H-PGIC scale, which was achieved by observing how significant differences occurred in their pain-related disability in activities of daily living from the baseline and after eight weeks.
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