Demographic and medical information was obtained through structured questionnaires during study clinic visit 1. Covariates included maternal age (18–24, 25–29, 30–34, ≥35 years); education level (≤high school, high school/GED, some college, ≥college); household income (USD < 50,000, USD 50,000–99,999, USD 100,000–149,999, USD ≥ 150,000); nulliparity, physical activity (metabolic equivalent of task (METs) per week); total energy intake during pregnancy (kcal per day) and additional dietary intake data from the FFQ. Race and ethnicity were categorized into five groups: non-Hispanic White (White), non-Hispanic Black (Black), Asian and Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and other. People who identified as multi-racial or had an unknown race and ethnicity were placed into the other race and ethnicity category due to the small sample size.
Weight measurements were extracted from the electronic health record (EHR). Pre-pregnancy BMI was calculated as pre-pregnancy body weight (kilograms) divided by height (meters) squared. Pre-pregnancy body weight was defined as a measured weight within 12 months before pregnancy (78%). If a measurement was not available in this timeframe, a self-reported pre-pregnancy weight or pregnancy weight measured before 10 weeks’ gestation was used (22%). Pre-pregnancy BMI was categorized into three groups to examine effect modification (BMI < 25.0, 25.0–29.9, ≥30.0).
Weight measurements were extracted from the electronic health record (EHR). Pre-pregnancy BMI was calculated as pre-pregnancy body weight (kilograms) divided by height (meters) squared. Pre-pregnancy body weight was defined as a measured weight within 12 months before pregnancy (78%). If a measurement was not available in this timeframe, a self-reported pre-pregnancy weight or pregnancy weight measured before 10 weeks’ gestation was used (22%). Pre-pregnancy BMI was categorized into three groups to examine effect modification (BMI < 25.0, 25.0–29.9, ≥30.0).
Free full text: Click here
