Serum levels of osteocalcin and TRACP5b were tested by ELISA according to the manufacturer's instructions12 ,15 (link),29 (link). Levels of TGFβ1 in mouse serum were measured using a mouse TGFβ1 DuoSet ELISA kit (#DY1679) and in human vertebral specimens using a human TGFβ1 Quantikine ELISA Kit (#DB100B) from R&D Systems according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Briefly, total TGFβ1 levels were measured in 40 μl of serum or 10 μg of vertebral protein lysates by mixing these with 20 μl 1 N HCl, followed by neutralization with 20 μl 1.2 N NaOH/0.5 M HEPES, according to the manufacturer’s sample activation procedure; levels of endogenously active TGF-β1 in these samples were measured by skipping this sample activation procedure. These samples then were diluted 1:20 in assay diluent for measurement of total TGFβ1, or they were diluted 1:4 in assay diluent for measurement of active TGFβ1. ELISA plates were analyzed by investigators blinded to sample identity by reading absorbance using a microplate reader set to 450 nm with wavelength correction set to 540 nm.
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