NAD/NADH ratio was measured with NAD/NADH assay kit purchased from Abcam. Briefly, HUH6 cells were cultured with or without 5 μM CQ for 96 h. Cells were lysed and processed following manufacturer's instructions as described (49 (link)). The reaction was allowed to develop for 1.5 h, and then absorbance was measured at 450 nm with Multiskan FC microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vantaa, Finland). NAD/NADH ratio was calculated using normalized concentrations by equation ([NADtotal—NADH])/[NADH].
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