In the laboratory, tick identity was confirmed by molecular methods. We extracted DNA from at least five specimens from each den using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). PCR was performed on the rrs locus as previously described with the following primer pairs 16s + 1: CTGCTCAATGATTTTTTAAATTGC and 16s-1: CCGGTCTGAACTCAGATCATGTA [6 (link),9 (link)]. Amplicons were Sanger sequenced by GeneWiz (South Plainfield, New Jersey, USA) and the data were assembled and trimmed using Vector NTI software (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA).
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