Several in vitro assays were performed to assess the cellular activities of MSCs. An MTT assay (Sigma-Aldrich) was used to assess cell proliferation, and a colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay was used to assess self-renewal. Multipotency (in vitro differentiation into chondrogenic, osteogenic, or adipogenic lineages) and transwell migration in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF; 10 ng/mL PDGF-AA, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) were also assessed. Angiogenesis was quantified using Matrigel, and in vitro anti-inflammation was analyzed as described previously8 (link)–10 (link),20 (link),21 (link). The digital images generated in these assays were assessed quantitatively using Image-Pro 5.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA).
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