HeLa cells were plated in six-well plates containing 0.2% gelatin–coated glass coverslips (Thapa et al., 2011 (link)), and 100 nM TMRE perchlorate was added to cells and incubated for 30 min at 37°C. Nuclear DNA stain, 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-6-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-1H-benzimidazole (Hoescht 33342), was added for 5 min. Image acquisition was performed using a Carl Zeiss 510 confocal microscope using a 63× oil objective with excitation at 561 and 405 nm, respectively. Images were quantified using ImageJ (Madesh et al., 2005 (link)).