According to previously described methods (Wang Y. Y. et al., 2021 (link)), total RNA was extracted from powdered frozen intestinal mucosa (RNAiso Plus reagent, TAKARA, Tokyo, Japan) and reverse-transcribed using M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Takara Bio). Real-Time PCR was performed using SYBR® Green Premix Ex Taq™ (Takara) and the ABI 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, United States). The primers used are shown in Table 2 . Results were normalized to the abundance of β-actin transcripts and relative quantification was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method.
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