Patients registered in the Korean COPD Subtype Study (KOCOSS) were recruited from 48 tertiary referral hospitals in Korea and were required to visit the hospital to update their COPD status by self-administered questionnaires at least every 6 months.27 (link) The inclusion criteria were as follows: age ≥40 years and post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) <0.7. The medical history taken from patient questionnaires as well as measurements from their initial visit were used as baseline data. Age, sex, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ-C) response, and the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale score of patients were recorded. Post-bronchodilator FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC were checked by pulmonary function tests. Six-minute walk tests (6MWT) were also performed at the time of enrollment.