Blood samples were tested for HIV antibodies by AxSYM HIV-1/2 gO (Abbott) and confirmed by Western Blot (MP Diagnostics). Recent HIV infection was detected by the LAg assay (Sedia™ Biosciences Corporation) (Duong et al., 2015 (link)). HIV-RNA was quantified in HIV positive samples in TRIP using Artus HI Virus-1 RG RT–PCR (Qiagen). HIV-RNA at HIV clinics was measured using Cobas Taqman HIV, PCR RNA, branched DNA 3.0, and Versant HIV-1 RNA 1.0 kPCR.