All individuals for this retrospective study were recruited from University Hospital and Polyclinic, Medical University of Lublin, between 2010 and 2019. Our study included a total of 820 unrelated adult participants with type 2 diabetes duration >10 years (mean age 65.2 ± 14.4 years). There were 446 (54%) men and 374 (46%) women in this cohort. All participants were Caucasians. Before enrolment in the study, a written informed consent was obtained from all participants, in accordance with standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (version 2013). Approval of the exact protocol of the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Medical University of Lublin (KE-0254/49).
Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed conforming to the guidelines of American Diabetes Association.1 (link) The standard inclusion criteria were confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and age ≥30 years. A complete physical examination was performed on all patients, including fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), full lipid profile, albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), albumin excretion rate (AER) and body mass index (BMI). In addition to the classic symptoms of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, loss of weight), the fasting plasma glucose level was >7 mmol/l or random level >11 mmol/l, and HbA1c level ≥6.5%. In this cross-sectional study, participants were not matched in terms of demographic or medical characteristics. Those excluded from the study were patients with T1DM, with other significant chronic diseases, eg, other endocrine disorders, haematological disorders, immunodeficiencies, pulmonary or rheumatological diseases, or malignancies were excluded from the study.
Cardiovascular disease was diagnosed in 603 individuals (73.5%). One or the combination of pathological phenotypes were diagnosed as cardiovascular disease: congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, angina pectoris, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic cerebral stroke. Its clinical manifestations were affirmed by relevant biochemical, radiographic, echocardiographic and vascular diagnostic criteria. In total, 582 participants (71%) were diagnosed with hypertension by the World Health Organization criteria, with average systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure >140 mmHg and >90 mm Hg, respectively (the readings done on 2 different days).
Individuals in the control group (n = 400, mean age 57.5 ± 8.1 years), described earlier,17 (link) were unrelated normoglycemic volunteers (blood donors and hospital staff members) who earlier underwent health examination. At the time of enrolment, they had no history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease or renal disorders. Those reporting the family history of these conditions in first-degree relatives were excluded. Individuals who did not sign an informed consent were also excluded. The control group was used for comparing Leu72Met genotype frequencies to values in subjects withT2DM.
Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed conforming to the guidelines of American Diabetes Association.1 (link) The standard inclusion criteria were confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and age ≥30 years. A complete physical examination was performed on all patients, including fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), full lipid profile, albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), albumin excretion rate (AER) and body mass index (BMI). In addition to the classic symptoms of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, loss of weight), the fasting plasma glucose level was >7 mmol/l or random level >11 mmol/l, and HbA1c level ≥6.5%. In this cross-sectional study, participants were not matched in terms of demographic or medical characteristics. Those excluded from the study were patients with T1DM, with other significant chronic diseases, eg, other endocrine disorders, haematological disorders, immunodeficiencies, pulmonary or rheumatological diseases, or malignancies were excluded from the study.
Cardiovascular disease was diagnosed in 603 individuals (73.5%). One or the combination of pathological phenotypes were diagnosed as cardiovascular disease: congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, angina pectoris, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic cerebral stroke. Its clinical manifestations were affirmed by relevant biochemical, radiographic, echocardiographic and vascular diagnostic criteria. In total, 582 participants (71%) were diagnosed with hypertension by the World Health Organization criteria, with average systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure >140 mmHg and >90 mm Hg, respectively (the readings done on 2 different days).
Individuals in the control group (n = 400, mean age 57.5 ± 8.1 years), described earlier,17 (link) were unrelated normoglycemic volunteers (blood donors and hospital staff members) who earlier underwent health examination. At the time of enrolment, they had no history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease or renal disorders. Those reporting the family history of these conditions in first-degree relatives were excluded. Individuals who did not sign an informed consent were also excluded. The control group was used for comparing Leu72Met genotype frequencies to values in subjects withT2DM.
