VNS was performed firstly at 30 mins, 1 day, and 2 days after the establishment of tMCAO. Invasive VNS was performed as previously described (28 (link)). Briefly, the mice were anesthetized intraperitoneally with 3.5% chloral hydrate (0.1ml/10g). Bipolar electrodes were wrapped delicately around the right cervical VN and sutured to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. VNS (0.5 mA, 5 Hz) was administered through a Grass Model S48 stimulator (Grass Technologies, USA) for 30 seconds every five minutes for one hour.
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