Western blotting was performed as described previously [18 (link)]. Primary antibodies [anti-GAPDH, 1:5000, Proteintech, China; anti-LC3-I, -LC3-II, -p-ULK1, -ATG13, -ULK1, 1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, America] were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Image J software was employed to analyze relative protein expression.
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