Quantifying Plant Stress Responses

The hyphal fragments were placed on plant leaves. Photographs were taken 36 h after inoculation. The plants transformed into pLGNL were used as controls. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and catalase (CAT) activity were determined using a Malondialdehyde Assay Kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China) and a Catalase Assay Kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All treatments were repeated three times. The content of superoxide radical (O₂⁻) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in leaves was determined by nitroblue tetrazole (NBT) and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining as described previously [37 (link),38 (link)].