Serum and liver ethanol and acetaldehyde levels were determined by using gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara). After adding the corresponding internal standard, the serum and liver homogenates were centrifuged at 12,000 g for 15 min at 4°C. Then, the supernatant was quantitatively transferred into a sealed vial. The serum and liver samples were then subjected to GC–MS analysis.
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