OS were extracted from human milk obtained from the milk banks in San Jose, CA and Austin, TX. The extraction method was the same as in our previous publication.27 (link), 45 (link) Sodium borohydride (98%) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Nonporous graphitized carbon cartridges (GCC, 150mg bed weight, 4mL cartridge volume) were bought from Alltech (Deerfield, IL). Standard HMOs were purchased from Dextra Laboratories (Earley Gate, UK). α(1-2)-Fucosidase was from EMD Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA). β(1-3)-Galactosidase was from New England Biolab (Beverly, MA). β(1-4)-Galactosidase was from ProZyme (San Leandro, CA). α(1-3,4)-Fucosidase was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All other reagents were of analytical or HPLC grade.