The apoptosis assay was performed as previously described11 (link). To evaluate apoptosis, the luminometric Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay System (Promega, Catalogue# G8091) was performed on cultured murine RAW 264.7 macrophages, according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Cells were seeded in 96-well plates at the density of 10,000 cells per well, grown at 37 °C and serum-starved for 24 hours. Apoptosis was induced with 1 μM STS treatment for 4 hours in the presence or absence of 10 μM atorvastatin, 4 nM SHP1i, or equal concentrations of their respective controls (DMSO, SWNT). For quantification, an iD3 luminometer (Molecular Devices) was used.