Cellular ROS determination was performed based on previously described [29 (link)]. Apoptosis was measured using the Apoptosis Detection Kit (Dojindo Laboratories) as the company recommended. Briefly, Kyse 450 (150) cells were treated with DpdtbA for 24 h. Following this, cells were collected, washed, and stained with annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) following the manufacturer's instruction (Dojindo Laboratories, Japan). The intracellular ROS assay was similar to the abovementioned protocol, except that H2DCF-DA was used to stain the cells.
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