The predicted antibiotic resistance gene information in the genome was obtained by comparing the amino acid sequences of the strains with the comprehensive antibiotic research database (CARD, http://arpcard.mcmaster.ca , accessed on 24 May 2021) [51 (link)]. The strains were clustered using HemI software [50 (link)].
The microbroth dilution method was used to determine antibiotic resistance of L. sakei according to ISO 10932:2010 [52 ]. The following 11 antibiotics were detected: chloramphenicol, rifampicin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, neomycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin (all purchased from Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). OD625 was determined using an enzyme-labeled instrument (Varioskan Lux, Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA) to determine the MIC of strain to antibiotics.
The microbroth dilution method was used to determine antibiotic resistance of L. sakei according to ISO 10932:2010 [52 ]. The following 11 antibiotics were detected: chloramphenicol, rifampicin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, neomycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin (all purchased from Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). OD625 was determined using an enzyme-labeled instrument (Varioskan Lux, Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA) to determine the MIC of strain to antibiotics.
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