NOD CD45.2 congenic (NOD.B6-Ptprcb/6908MrkJacJ) and NOD.SCID (NOD.CB17-PrkdcSCID/J) mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories. NOD-Y3 IL-2Rβ+/+, NOD-Y3 IL-2Rβ +/−, NOD-Y3 IL-2Rβ−/− mice, where Y3 refers to the mutant IL-2Rβ transgene, were developed by backcrossing C57BL/6-Y3 IL-2Rβ−/− mice (32 (link)) to NOD/ShiLtJ mice for 12 generations. All Idd loci were confirmed to be of NOD origin. NOD/Foxp3-RFP reporter (FIR) mice were previously described (64 (link)) and crossed to NOD BDC2.5 and NOD-Y3 IL-2Rβ +/+ mice to yield NOD-Y3-FIR, NOD BDC2.5-FIR, and NOD-Y3 BDC2.5-FIR mice. All mice were housed in a specific pathogen-free animal facility at the University of Miami. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Miami reviewed and approved all animal studies conducted in this study.