INS-1 cell line response to high glucose and palmitic acid

The INS-1 cell line was obtained from AiYan Biological technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with streptomycin (100 μg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), penicillin (100 U/ml; Sigma-Aldrich), β-mercaptoethanol (50 μM; Gibco), sodium pyruvate (0.11 g/L; Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), and fetal bovine serum (10%; Gibco) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. The INS-1 cells were treated as follows: a control group: no treatment; HG + PA group: high glucose (30 mM glucose [Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd.]) + high fat (400 μM palmitic acid sodium [Sigma-Aldrich]); HG + PA + oxymatrine (1 μM) group: high glucose (30 mM glucose) + high fat (400 μM palmitic acid sodium) + oxymatrine (1 μM [Sigma-Aldrich]); HG + PA + oxymatrine (10 μM) group: high glucose (30 mM glucose) + high fat (400 μM palmitic acid sodium) + oxymatrine (10 μM). The concentrations of oxymatrine were based on the results of our previous work [20 (link)].