Telomere length was determined by quantitative telomere in situ hybridization (Q-FISH) [64 (link)] and telomere restriction fragment analysis [65 (link)] using a Cy3-labeled (CCCTAA)3 PNA probe (Panagene) and a Telo-C-Biotin (CCCTAA)3 probe (PNA Innovations), respectively. TIFs were detected by immunofluorescence and telomere-FISH using primary γH2AX antibody (#05-636-AF488, Millipore) and Alexa Fluor 488 dye-conjugated secondary antibody (#R37120, Invitrogen), followed by fixation and telomere-FISH [65 (link)]. TIFs were scored by the co-localization of γ-H2AX and telomere-FISH signal. β-galactosidase activity was carried out using the SPiDER-β-galactosidase staining kit (#SG04-1, Dojindo).
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