Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals

All reagents used in the experiments were analytical grade and used as received without further purification. Bupropion hydrochloride (BUP) and mirtazapine (MTZ) were obtained from LGC (Wesel, Germany). Amisulpride (AMS), amitriptyline (AMT), fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLX), olanzapine (OLN), paroxetine (PRX) and venlafaxine hydrochloride (VNX) were purchased from TCI (Zwijndrecht, Belgium). Bezafibrate (BZF), budesonide (BUD), caffeine (CAF), carbamazepine (CBZ), citalopram (CIT), clofibric acid (CA), clozapine (CZP), diclofenac (DCF), fenofibrate (FNB), fluvoxamine (FXM), gemfibrozil (GMF), haloperidole (HAL), norfluoxetine hydrochloride (NFX), O-desmethyl venlafaxine (ODV), quetiapine (QTP), risperidone (RIS), salicylic acid (SA), sertraline hydrochloride (STR), simvastatin (SIM), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfapyridine (SPY), sulfathiazole (STZ), tolfenamic acid (TA) and trimethoprim (vetranal) (TMP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). N-desmethyl olanzapine (DMO) and N-desmethyl sertraline hydrochloride (DMS) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The structures and main physicochemical properties of pharamceutical compounds are presented in Table S1. Amitriptyline-d6 hydrochloride, carbamazepine-d₁₀, fluoxetine-d₅ hydrochloride, haloperidol-d₄ and olanzapine-d₃ were supplied by A2S (Saint Jean d’Illac, France). Individual stock solutions of each compound, as well as isotopically labeled internal standard solutions, were prepared in methanol and stored at −20 °C. LC-MS grade methanol and water, and Na₂EDTA were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, Bis-Tris and formic acid (purity: 98–100%) were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium carbonate and p-hydroxy benzoic acid were supplied by Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Boric acid was obtained from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). Oasis HLB (200 mg, 6 cm³) cartridges used for solid phase extraction were bought from Waters Corporation (Milford, MA, U.S.A.). Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) (Specific Surface Area: 35 m²g⁻¹, particle size of 25 nm, E_g = 2.82 eV) synthesis and characterization used as photocatalyst are described in a previous publication from our group [9 (link)].

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Rapti I., Kourkouta T., Malisova E.M., Albanis T, & Konstantinou I. (2023). Photocatalytic Degradation of Inherent Pharmaceutical Concentration Levels in Real Hospital WWTP Effluents Using g-C3N4 Catalyst on CPC Pilot Scale Reactor. Molecules, 28(3), 1170.

Publication 2023

Amisulpride Amitriptyline Amitriptyline hydrochloride Bezafibrate Bis tris Boric acid Budesonide Bupropion hydrochloride Caffeine Carbamazepine Citalopram Clofibric acid Clozapine Diclofenac Fenofibrate Fluoxetine hydrochloride Fluvoxamine Folin Formic acid G c3n4 Gemfibrozil Graphitic carbon nitride Haloperidol Hydroxy benzoic acid Methanol Mirtazapine N desmethyl olanzapine Norfluoxetine hydrochloride O desmethyl venlafaxine Oasis Olanzapine Paroxetine Phenol Quetiapine Risperidone Salicylic acid Sertraline hydrochloride Simvastatin Sodium carbonate Solid phase extraction Sulfadiazine Sulfamethoxazole Sulfapyridine Sulfathiazole Synthesis Tolfenamic acid Trimethoprim Venlafaxine hydrochloride

Corresponding Organization : University of Ioannina

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Variable analysis

independent variables

Photocatalyst (graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4))

dependent variables

Pharmaceutical compound degradation efficiency

control variables

Reagents used (analytical grade and used as received without further purification)
Pharmaceutical compounds (BUP, MTZ, AMS, AMT, FLX, OLN, PRX, VNX, BZF, BUD, CAF, CBZ, CIT, CA, CZP, DCF, FNB, FXM, GMF, HAL, NFX, ODV, QTP, RIS, SA, STR, SIM, SDZ, SMX, SPY, STZ, TA, TMP)
Isotopically labeled internal standards (amitriptyline-d6 hydrochloride, carbamazepine-d10, fluoxetine-d5 hydrochloride, haloperidol-d4, olanzapine-d3)
Solvents and reagents (methanol, water, Na2EDTA, Folin–Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, Bis-Tris, formic acid, sodium carbonate, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, boric acid, Oasis HLB cartridges)
Characterization of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalyst (Specific Surface Area, particle size, E_g)

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