During the CS realisation each cow was sampled twice. The samples were collected just after replacing the sutured uterus in the abdominal cavity before the closure of the abdominal wall. At this moment, swabs (STERILER®, Piove di Sacco, Italy) were taken by swiping a long line of 10 cm, 2 cm in parallel to the uterus suture (visceral peritoneum of the uterus) and a 10 cm long line perpendicular to and below the abdominal wall incision (parietal peritoneum).
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