C57BL/6 mice were used for DSS colitis. Acute colitis was induced by feeding mice with 3% (wt/vol) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) (molecular weight 40 kDa; ICN Biochemicals, Aurora, OH) dissolved in drinking water, which was fed ad libitum for seven days (10 (link)). For chronic DSS-induced colitis, mice were treated with 4 cycles of DSS (3%) for 7 days/cycle and 10 days of normal drinking water in between each cycle (10 (link)). Control C57BL/6 mice received the same drinking water without DSS (n=8 mice in each group).