SA-β-Gal staining was performed as previously described (29 (link)). Briefly, cultured cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed at room temperature for 5 min in 2% formaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde. Fixed cells were stained with SA-β-Gal staining solution (40 mM citric acid/Na phosphate buffer, 5 mM K4[Fe(CN)6], 5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6], 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 1 mg/ml X-gal) at 37°C overnight, and images were captured using a microscope digital camera (Olympus). The percentage of SA-β-Gal-positive cells were calculated with ImageJ.