Antibiotics were purchased from Sigma (gentamicin (GEN), oxacillin (OXA), vancomycin (VAN), and tetracycline (TET)), AppliChem (ciprofloxacin (CIP), rifampin (RIF)), TCI (daptomycin (DAP)), MP Biochemicals (erythromycin (ERM), and Chem-Impex International (linezolid (LIN)). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each drug was determined by the standard two-fold dilution protocol [39 (link)]. In the experiments, each antibiotic was used at 2×MIC and 10×MIC. We chose these antibiotics to have a broad range of pharmacodynamic properties. The first eight antibiotics listed above are grouped by their pharmacodynamic characteristics: in classic assays of killing dynamics in liquid cultures at super MIC concentrations, CIP, DAP and GEN kill rapidly (fast-acting bactericidal antibiotics); OXA and VAN kill more slowly (slow-acting antibiotics); and LIN, ERM and TET prevent growth (bacteriostatic antibiotics) [40 (link)].
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