C. jejuni strain 81-176 bacterial stocks were stored at −80 °C. After thawing, the bacteria were streaked out and incubated on selective karmali agar plates (purchased from Oxoid, Wesel, Germany) at 37 °C for 48 h in a jar under microaerophilic conditions (CampyGas Packs; Oxoid, Wesel, Germany). Grown C. jejuni bacteria were harvested in sterile PBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) immediately before infection. Age- and sex-matched human intestinal microbiota-associated (hma) IL-10−/− mice (3-month-old littermates) were then infected perorally with 109 colony forming units (CFU) of the pathogen (in 0.3 mL) on d0 and d1 (Fig. 1A) by gavage as reported earlier [48 (link)].