A colony of transgenic 8.3 tdTomato /BAC eGFP GLT-1 (“dual reporter”) mice, which are homozygous for both traits, were maintained at the animal facility of the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (Regan et al. 2007 (link); Yang et al. 2011b (link)). For studies involving astrocytes or endothelial cells prepared from rats, the Sprague-Dawley strain (RRID:RGD_734476, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) was used as described below. All studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and followed the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Animals were housed in standard controlled temperature, humidity, and light, and had ad libitum access to food and water.