Microbial community analysis was conducted as in the study by Naylor et al. (13 (link)) on soil, rhizosphere, and root endosphere samples of two sorghum cultivars collected from field-grown plants in Parlier, California (36.6008°N, 119.5109°W). Metatranscriptome profiling, metabolomics, qPCR, HPLC analysis, bacterial isolation and conjugation, inoculation experiments, and confocal microscopy were performed as described in SI Appendix, Material and Methods. A combined assembly of the metatranscriptome can be accessed and downloaded via integrated microbial genomes (IMG)/expert review (ER) (https://img.jgi.doe.gov/) using the IMG ID 3300017790.