For tracking deformation in PAA gels11 (link) during TFM analysis, we modified patterned PAA platforms by adding 0.2 µm fluorescent nanobeads (Polysciences, Cat#BLI832-1) into PAA solutions before gel polymerization. Before and after removal of cells, images of the PAA micropatterns were taken with live confocal laser scanning at the interface planes between cells and the adhesion ligand patterns. Live cell imaging was performed in a microclimate-controlled stage top incubator (Tokai Hit, Japan) at 37 °C in 5% CO2. Bead displacements and corresponding traction forces fields were calculated using an iterative particle image velocimetry algorithm and an unconstrained Fourier transform traction cytometry algorithm, respectively (ImageJ plugins).
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