Targeted metabolomics was performed as described in detail before with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.22 (link),37 (link) A total of 133 metabolites that cover major metabolic pathways were quantified (see detailed pathways and parameters in Supplementary Table S1). A Shimadzu LC Nexera X2 UHPLC coupled with a QTRAP 5500 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (AB Sciex, Hong Kong), and an Agilent 7890B/5977B gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA. USA) were used for metabolite analysis. The data were analyzed by MultiQuant 3.0.2 (AB Sciex) and Agilent MassHunter Quantitative Analysis Software.39 (link)
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