8–10-wk-old age- and gender-matched mice were orally administered 2 × 109C. rodentium, strain DBS100 (ATCC), as previously described (Cella et al., 2009 (link)). Body weight of mice was measured until day 7. For Rapa injection, mice were injected i.p. with 200 µl of Rapa (5 mg/kg body weight) or DMSO vehicle before infection.