The assays were performed as previously described [6 (link)]. The primary antibodies used were as follows: GDF-15 (Abcam, ab128958), TSG101 (Proteintech, 28283-1-AP), Atrogin1 (Abcam, ab168372), CD9 (ABclonal, A19027), CD63 (ABclonal, A5271), CD81 (ABclonal, A5270), Bax (Proteintech, 50599-2-Ig), Bcl-2 (Proteintech, A11025), MHC (DSHB, MF20), Caspase3 (ABcolonal, A0214), Cleaved caspase3 (Cell Signaling Technology, 9661), Anti-mouse (Multi Sciences, GAM0072) and anti-rabbit (Multi Sciences, GAR0072). ECL Chemiluminescent Kit (Thermo Fisher, 03781) was used to visualize the antibody-antigen interaction and chemical luminescence of membranes was detected by Amersham Imager 600 (GE).
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