We extracted DNA from the blood samples of the participants and genotyping was performed using Axiom Genome-Wide TWB 2.0 Array Plate (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA), which contains 714 431 SNPs and is designed specifically for Taiwan's Han Chinese population [13 (link)]. Analysis and quality control were performed using Affymetrix Power Tools software, and markers that failed Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium tests with a P < 1.0 × 10–5, had a minor allele frequency <0.05, or had a genotype missing rate of >5% were excluded. After quality control, a total of 591 048 SNPs were retained for analysis. The use of high-coverage GWAS SNP data from large-scale Han Chinese ancestry in Taiwan using custom arrays has been previously described [14 (link)]. The samples with a missingness rate >0.02 and an inbreeding coefficient >0.15 and those with a sex mismatch were removed. Genotype data and selected SNPs were merged according to merged imputation data.