(i) RK13 cells. Rabbit kidney (RK13) cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA) and maintained in minimal essential medium (MEM) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; Thermo Fisher Scientific) and antibiotics.
(ii) MDCK cells. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells (ATCC) were maintained in MEM containing 1 mg/ml lactalbumin (Sigma-Aldrich) and antibiotics.
(iii) EREC. Primary equine respiratory epithelial cells (EREC) were isolated and cultured as described previously (26 (link), 55 (link)).
(iv) Equine monocytes, equine T lymphocytes, and equine polymorphonuclear cells. Equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells were isolated as described previously (47 (link), 56 (link), 57 (link)).
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