Visceral Adiposity and Muscle Mass Estimation

Visceral adiposity index (VAI) was calculated using the formula developed by Amato et al. [15 (link)]: $\mathrm{Females}:\mathrm{VAI}=\left(\frac{\mathrm{waist} \mathrm{circumference}}{36.58+\left(1.89 \times \mathrm{BMI}\right)}\right)\times \left(\frac{\mathrm{TG}}{0.81}\right)\times \left(\frac{1.52}{\mathrm{HDL}}\right)$
Total-body skeletal muscle mass was calculated using the skeletal muscle-prediction model created by Kim et al. [16 (link)]. The total-body skeletal muscle mass model is based on appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST), evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and sex (0 = female; 1 = male).
Total-body skeletal muscle mass = (1.13 × ALST) − (0.02 × age) + (0.61 × sex) + 0.97
Body composition was analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; GE Healthcare Lunar Prodigy Advance, GE Medical Systems, Milan, Italy).