Cells were cultured without feeders or serum, unless specifically noted, in N2B27 medium prepared as described2 (link) or preformulated (NDiff™ N2B27 base medium, Stem Cell Sciences Ltd, Cat. No. SCS-SF-NB-02) supplemented with Small molecule inhibitors PD0325901 (PD, 1 μM) and CHIRON99021 (CH, 3 μM) and LIF prepared in house (2i+LIF). Cells were routinely propagated on 0.1% gelatine-coated plastic and replated every 3 days at a split ratio of 1 in 10 following dissociation with Accutase (Gibco). Alternative Gsk3 inhibitors were provided by Pfizer: Compounds A (750 nM), B (50 nM), C (1 μM), D (250 nM), E (100 nM), F (150 nM) and G (50 nM) are described, see Supplementary Information, Figure 1. Colony forming assays were performed by plating 600 ES cells per well on laminin (Sigma) coated plates. Plates were fixed and stained for alkaline phosphatase (Sigma) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Plates were scanned using a CellCelector (Aviso) and scored manually.