All samples were analyzed in random order on a Thermo Q Exactive HF Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer coupled with a Thermo DIONEX UltiMate 3000 HPLC system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). For untargeted metabolic profiling, the UltiMate 3000 HPLC system was equipped with a parallel 2DLC (a reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) column and a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column) [22 (link)]. For the targeted metabolomic study, the UltiMate 3000 HPLC system was equipped with an RPC column [21 (link)]. To obtain full MS data, every sample was analyzed by LC-MS in positive and/or negative modes depending on the chemical properties of the metabolites of interest. One pooled sample of each group was analyzed by LC-MS/MS to acquire MS/MS spectra at three collision energies (20, 40, and 60 eV) for metabolite identification.
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