In this study, VP were diagnosed with vestibular dysfunction-related diseases at the Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, between December 2021 and June 2022. Each patient had a history of dizziness or vertigo, and at least one routine vestibular function test with abnormal results, including:
The VP group mainly included common vestibular disorders such as otoliths, Meniere’s disease, sudden deafness with vertigo, and vestibular neuritis. The HC were recruited via adverts and had no history of dizziness, vertigo, or hearing impairment. For the VP and HC groups, the following exclusion criteria were applied: (1) age < 18 years; (2) inability to understand and cooperate with tests; (3) history of anxiety or depression; (4) related dementia diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia); (5) noticeable visual impairments; (6) motor dysfunction disorder (especially of the upper limbs); (7) central nervous system diseases such as cerebral infarction or neurological disease. We only included adults with concomitant vestibular dysfunction because vestibular disorders are more predominant in adults and are relatively rare in children and adolescents. Moreover, VCAS requires a certain level of cooperation and understanding; thus, we excluded individuals who could not cooperate.
All procedures in this study were approved by the hospital Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. The test duration for this study was approximately 40 min. Specifically, the weeding, maze, card rotation, and 3D driving tests took approximately 10, 10, 8, and 12 min, respectively. Appropriate breaks were provided, if necessary, during the testing period. This study was conducted in the hospital’s outpatient department. However, some of the tests were not completed because of schedule conflicts for some participants. In the maze test, a maze with a 5 × 5 difficulty was used to familiarize the participants with the test rules. Subsequently, tests of three difficulty levels were conducted, namely 8 × 8, 10 × 10, and 12 × 12. In the 3D driving test, the participants were informed about the test rules using map 1. The tests of maps 2, 3, and 4 were conducted after understanding the rules. The study was conducted on a Lenovo TB-J606F tablet with a resolution of 2,000 × 1,200 and a screen size of 11 inches.
The VP group mainly included common vestibular disorders such as otoliths, Meniere’s disease, sudden deafness with vertigo, and vestibular neuritis. The HC were recruited via adverts and had no history of dizziness, vertigo, or hearing impairment. For the VP and HC groups, the following exclusion criteria were applied: (1) age < 18 years; (2) inability to understand and cooperate with tests; (3) history of anxiety or depression; (4) related dementia diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia); (5) noticeable visual impairments; (6) motor dysfunction disorder (especially of the upper limbs); (7) central nervous system diseases such as cerebral infarction or neurological disease. We only included adults with concomitant vestibular dysfunction because vestibular disorders are more predominant in adults and are relatively rare in children and adolescents. Moreover, VCAS requires a certain level of cooperation and understanding; thus, we excluded individuals who could not cooperate.
All procedures in this study were approved by the hospital Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. The test duration for this study was approximately 40 min. Specifically, the weeding, maze, card rotation, and 3D driving tests took approximately 10, 10, 8, and 12 min, respectively. Appropriate breaks were provided, if necessary, during the testing period. This study was conducted in the hospital’s outpatient department. However, some of the tests were not completed because of schedule conflicts for some participants. In the maze test, a maze with a 5 × 5 difficulty was used to familiarize the participants with the test rules. Subsequently, tests of three difficulty levels were conducted, namely 8 × 8, 10 × 10, and 12 × 12. In the 3D driving test, the participants were informed about the test rules using map 1. The tests of maps 2, 3, and 4 were conducted after understanding the rules. The study was conducted on a Lenovo TB-J606F tablet with a resolution of 2,000 × 1,200 and a screen size of 11 inches.
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