Hypoxic exposure of PASMC, protein extraction, and Western blot analysis were performed as described (5 (link)). Primary antibodies used were anti–HIF-1α (1:1000 dilution; Cayman Chemical) and anti–β-actin (1:50,000 dilution; Abcam). Specific immune-reactive signals were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence ECL Prime Western Blotting System (GE Healthcare) using a proprietary secondary antibody coupled to horseradish peroxidase (1:5000 dilution; Promega).