As previously described (3 (link), 18 (link)) small (~5mg) pieces of spleen were harvested and stored in RNA later (Qiagen). RNA was isolated using RNeasy mini (Qiagen) with on-column DNA digestion according to manufacturer instructions. cDNA was generated using the primer 5′-CAGGGTGCAAGTGGTGTGGTAAGA-3′ (Valuegene, CA), specific for the genomic (negative) sense of the LCMV nucleoprotein RNA, at 200nM with Multiscribe-RT (Applied Biosystems, Ca). TaqMan real time PCR was performed with the following primers (Valuegene) and probe (Applied Biosystems): forward primer (900nM) 5′-CGCTGGCCTGGGTGAAT-3′, reverse primer (900nM) 5′-ATGGGAAAACACAACAATTGATCTC-3′ and probe (200nM) 6FAM-CTGCAGGTTTCTCGC-MGBNFQ. LCMV genome copy number was calculated from standard dilutions of the plasmid pT7-S which encodes the S segment of LCMV (19 (link)) (a kind gift of Professor Juan Carlos de la Torre, TSRI). Data were acquired on a BioRad iCycler and analyzed with iCycler iQ software (BioRad, CA).