Hearts were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and pulverized and immersed in Trizol (Molecular Research Center, TR118). Total RNA was isolated, and reverse-transcribed using iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio-Rad). Quantitative PCR was performed using Brilliant II SYBR Green (Agilent Technologies) (Schwaerzer et al., 2019 (link)). All primers were intron-spanning (except for 18S rRNA), and were tested with serial cDNA dilutions. Relative changes in mRNA expression were analyzed using the comparative 2−ΔΔCt method, with 18S rRNA as internal control.