Semithin (about 0.1 μm) ultramicrotomic sections were obtained from the resin blocks and used for immunofluorescence confocal and phase contrast microscopy. After washing with PBS, sections were incubated overnight with primary and then with secondary antibodies as described [23 (link)]. Primary antibodies against 19S, 20S, and polyubiquitinated proteins are the same used for electron microscopy. Secondary antibodies were Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit IgG (Life technologies, Paisley, UK). Specimens were analyzed by a TCS SP5II confocal laser scanning microscope equipped with PL APO 40x/1.25 NA and 63/1.40 NA oil-immersion objectives (Leica, Heidelberg, Germany).
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